17.2 Western Cuchumatanes and Lacandon Forest, 1529–1686.17 Campaigns in the Cuchumatanes and Lacandon Forest.16 San Marcos: Province of Tecusitlán and Lacandón, 1533.15 Francisco de Montejo and Alonso d'Avila, Yucatán 1531–35.14.4 Establishment of the Dominicans in Chiapa, 1545–1547.14.2 Rebellion in the Chiapas Highlands, 1528.14 Conquest of the Chiapas Highlands, 1527–1547.13 Francisco de Montejo in Yucatán, 1527–28.12.7 Central and eastern Guatemalan Highlands, 1525–1532.12.6 Pedro de Alvarado in the Chiapas Highlands, 1525.12.3 Reconnaissance of the Chiapas Highlands, 1524.12.2 Kaqchikel alliance and conquest of the Tzʼutujil, 1524.12 Conquest of the Maya Highlands, 1524–1526.11 Fringes of empire: Belize, 16th–17th centuries.10 Hernán Cortés in the Maya lowlands, 1524–25.8 Preparations for conquest of the Highlands, 1522–1523.7.1 Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, 1517.7 Exploration of the Yucatán coast, 1517–1519.The Maya lacked key elements of Old World technology such as a functional wheel, horses, iron, steel, and gunpowder they were also extremely susceptible to Old World diseases, against which they had no resistance. Maya warriors fought with flint-tipped spears, bows and arrows, stones, and wooden swords with inset obsidian blades, and wore padded cotton armour to protect themselves. Spanish weaponry included broadswords, rapiers, lances, pikes, halberds, crossbows, matchlocks and light artillery. Native resistance to the new nucleated settlements took the form of the flight into inaccessible regions such as the forest or joining neighbouring Maya groups that had not yet submitted to the European conquerors. Among the Maya, ambush was a favoured tactic in response to the use of Spanish cavalry, the highland Maya took to digging pits and lining them with wooden stakes. The Spanish engaged in a strategy of concentrating native populations in newly founded colonial towns they viewed the taking of prisoners as a hindrance to outright victory, whereas the Maya prioritised the capture of live prisoners and of booty. Spanish and native tactics and technology differed greatly. The conquest of the Maya was hindered by their politically fragmented state. The Itza Maya and other lowland groups in the Petén Basin were first contacted by Hernán Cortés in 1525, but remained independent and hostile to the encroaching Spanish until 1697, when a concerted Spanish assault led by Martín de Urzúa y Arizmendi finally defeated the last independent Maya kingdom. The Spanish conquest of the Maya was a prolonged affair the Maya kingdoms resisted integration into the Spanish Empire with such tenacity that their defeat took almost two centuries. Several Spanish expeditions followed in 15, making landfall on various parts of the Yucatán coast. The first contact between the Maya and European explorers came in 1502, during the fourth voyage of Christopher Columbus, when his brother Bartholomew encountered a canoe. Many conquistadors viewed the Maya as infidels who needed to be forcefully converted and pacified, despite the achievements of their civilization. The Maya occupied a territory that is now incorporated into the modern countries of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and El Salvador the conquest began in the early 16th century and is generally considered to have ended in 1697.īefore the conquest, Maya territory contained a number of competing kingdoms. The Spanish conquest of the Maya was a protracted conflict during the Spanish colonisation of the Americas, in which the Spanish conquistadores and their allies gradually incorporated the territory of the Late Postclassic Maya states and polities into the colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain. Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63).Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63).
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